Maternal anaemia in pregnancy and its association with low birth weight and developmental delay in infants

Abstract

Background: Maternal anaemia is a prevalent condition in pregnancy, particularly in developing countries, and is associated with significant adverse neonatal outcomes. It leads to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, resulting in impaired fetal growth, low birth weight, preterm birth, and an increased risk of developmental delays in infants.

Objective: To evaluate the association between maternal anaemia, low birth weight, and developmental delay in infants.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 11 months among 100 pregnant women. Maternal haemoglobin levels were categorized into severe, moderate, mild anaemia, and normal. Birth weight was recorded at delivery, and infants were assessed for developmental delay using standard screening tools. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: The prevalence of low birth weight was higher among mothers with severe and moderate anaemia. Developmental delay was also more frequent in infants born to anaemic mothers. A statistically significant association was observed between maternal anaemia and low birth weight (p < 0.01), as well as developmental delay (p < 0.01). Additionally, low birth weight infants showed a higher incidence of developmental delay (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Maternal anaemia is significantly associated with low birth weight and developmental delay in infants. Early screening and management of anaemia during pregnancy are essential to improve neonatal and developmental outcomes.

Keywords: Maternal anaemia, low birth weight, developmental delay, infants, neonatal