International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Hibiscus cannabinus Restores Antioxidant Enzymes and Ameliorates HAART-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Kailash Karale, Sakshi Siriah — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Long-term use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), typically with zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine, induces hepatic oxidative stress and toxicity

Objective: The antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Hibiscus cannabinus (HC) was assessed in this study against HAART-induced oxidative injury.

Methods: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, HAART, and HAART+HC extract. The marker levels of peroxisomal (SOD, CAT, GPx) and lipoxidative (MDA) stress were measured. Histopathological examination of the

Results: HAART significantly reduced SOD, CAT, and GPx activities (p<0.05) but elevated MDA levels. HC extract-treated rats recovered the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced lipid peroxidation near normal. Histopathology confirmed the maintenance of the structure of the hepatic tissue in the HC-treated rats.

Conclusion: H. cannabinus extract reduces HAART-related hepatotoxicity through replenishment of antioxidant levels, which suggests potential as an adjunct nutraceutical.

Keywords: Hibiscus cannabinus, HAART, oxidative stress, hepatoprotection, antioxidants, Wistar rats

A Automated Histology Analysis: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions

Suman Dutt — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Automated histology analysis has emerged as a transformative field integrating machine learning, artificial intelligence, and digital pathology to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Recent advancements have enabled deep learning–based tissue classification, cellular morphology assessment, and feature quantification with high precision. However, challenges such as data standardization, limited annotated datasets, variability in staining techniques, and lack of interpretability in AI models hinder widespread clinical adoption. This review summarizes international and national research trends, technological advancements, existing limitations, and future possibilities in automated histology analysis. The future of this field lies in multimodal imaging, explainable AI, and robust clinical validation, which collectively hold potential to revolutionize diagnostic pathology and biomedical research.

Keywords: Automated histology, digital pathology, deep learning, segmentation, whole slide imaging, explainable AI.

Xeroderma Pigmentosum with synchronous Squamous cell carcinoma and Basal cell carcinoma:- A case Report

Rahul, Vikas Kailashiya, Mahima Yadav, Bitan Naik, Richa Ritweek — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis due mutation in excision repair genes. It is characterized by marked photosensitivity, skin pigmentation, predisposition for development of malignant tumors and sometimes progressive neurological degeneration. Cutaneous tumors develop due to exposure to UV light. Here we report a case of a 23-year young female of known case of Xeroderma Pigmentosum presented with multiple hyperpigmented lesions on face, back and both forearm. On excisional and histopathological examination, tissue from back revealed Basal cell carcinoma(BCC) while tissue from left forearm revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). XP is a rare genodermatosis with accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage due to defect in mismatch repair system. There are eight variants XP A-G and XP, with varying mutation in nucleotide excision repair. Exposed skin is particularly affected due to UV-radiation exposure. SCC, BCC and melanoma are common cutaneous tumors but simultaneous occurrence is rare. There are few case reports describing synchronous development of cutaneous and ocular SCC, cutaneous SCC, BCC and melanoma. Patient require frequent follow-up, self-examination and biopsy of any suspected lesion for early identification of malignancies.

Study of Platelet Indices in Patients of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders

Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysregulated proliferation of myeloid lineages. Platelet abnormalities are central to their pathophysiology, predisposing patients to both thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. Automated hematology analyzers provide platelet indices such as mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR), and plateletcrit (PCT), that can serve as inexpensive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostication.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Hematology/Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (I.G.I.M.S., from April 2020 to June 2022. A total of 160 patients diagnosed with CMPDs according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 criteria were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Platelet indices were recorded using a fully automated hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-tests, chi-square, and correlation analyses, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: ET was the most common CMPD (45%), followed by PV (33.8%) and PMF (21.2%). ET patients exhibited significantly higher platelet counts compared to PV and PMF (p < 0.001). PMF patients demonstrated the highest MPV, PDW, and P-LCR values, reflecting abnormal megakaryopoiesis. Thrombotic events occurred in 16.3% of patients and correlated with elevated MPV and PDW, while bleeding events (8.8%) were associated with increased PDW and reduced PCT.

Conclusion: Platelet indices differ significantly among CMPD subtypes and were associated with vascular complications. They represent cost-effective, readily available markers that may complement molecular and histological investigations for diagnosis, risk stratification, and disease monitoring in CMPDs.

Keywords: Chronic myeloproliferative disorders, platelet indices, thrombocytosis

Assessing the Relationship of Coping Styles in Subjects with T2DM and Glycemic Status

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a long-standing metabolic condition that contributes substantially to illness burden and chronic complications. Maintaining adequate glucose regulation continues to be difficult for many individuals despite improvements in therapeutic options. Alongside medical and biological determinants, psychological factors such as coping responses may shape diabetes self-care behaviors and long-term metabolic outcomes. Existing literature examining the link between coping patterns and glycemic status has produced mixed findings, with limited data available from Indian populations.

Materials and Methods: This investigation employed a hospital-based observational design and included 120 adult individuals diagnosed with T2DM who were receiving care at a tertiary-level health facility. Relevant demographic and clinical information was obtained using a standardized data collection format. Coping behaviors were evaluated using a validated coping assessment tool and grouped into active, emotion-oriented, and avoidant coping categories. Long-term glucose regulation was assessed using recent glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements. Statistical evaluation involved summary measures and correlation testing to explore relationships among coping patterns, HbA1c values, body mass index (BMI), and disease duration.

Results: Overall glycemic regulation in the study population was suboptimal, as reflected by elevated average HbA1c levels. Strategies aimed at emotional regulation were most frequently adopted, followed by active problem-oriented approaches and avoidance coping-based behaviors. No statistically meaningful direct association was identified between HbA1c values and any coping category. In contrast, strong associations were observed among the different coping strategies themselves. HbA1c demonstrated significant positive relationships with both body mass index and length of time since diabetes diagnosis.

Conclusion: Coping styles did not demonstrate a direct association with glycemic control in this study. Clinical factors such as BMI and duration of diabetes were stronger determinants of HbA1c. The findings suggest that coping strategies may influence glycemic outcomes indirectly through behavioral pathways. Integrating psychosocial assessment with routine diabetes care may support comprehensive disease management.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Coping styles, Glycemic control, HbA1c, Psychosocial factors, BMI

Symptomatic and Phenotypic Evaluation of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome and Chronic Prostatitis and Comparison of Conventional Versus UPOINT Classification-Based Medications on Its Management

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Both Chronic Prostatitis (CP) and Chronic Pelvic discomfort Syndrome (CPPS) are complicated urological disorders marked by lower urinary tract symptoms, chronic pelvic discomfort, and a marked reduction in quality of life. Because these illnesses are diverse and complicated, traditional symptom-based treatment frequently produces uneven results. By grouping patients into discrete clinical categories, the UPOINT phenotypic categorization system provides an organized, customized approach that may enhance treatment results.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the phenotypic and symptomatic features of CPPS and CP and to compare the efficacy of UPOINT classification-guided therapy with traditional symptom-based treatment in managing the disease.

Materials and Methods: A prospective comparison study included one hundred male patients with CP or CPPS. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: While Group A received normal treatment, Group B received tailored therapy based on UPOINT. The severity of symptoms and the efficacy of treatment were assessed using the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and Male Genitourinary Pain Index (GUPI). Follow-up evaluations were done at baseline, 15 days, 1 month, and 3 months.

Results: When compared to patients receiving conventional treatment, those treated with UPOINT-based therapy showed noticeably higher improvements in NIH-CPSI total scores, pain severity, urine symptoms, and quality-of-life indicators. A greater response to targeted multimodal therapy and higher baseline symptom levels were linked to multidomain participation.

Conclusion: When it comes to improving clinical outcomes for CPPS and CP, UPOINT classification-guided care outperforms traditional symptom-based treatment. For efficient illness management, phenotypic stratification should be included into standard clinical practice since it allows for tailored therapy.

Keywords: Chronic pelvic pain syndrome; chronic prostatitis; UPOINT classification; NIH-CPSI; Phenotypic evaluation; personalized therapy

Fetomaternal Outcomes of Emergency Obstetric Hysterectomy in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Eastern India: A Prospective Observational Study

Parul Atreja, Pratibha Prakash, Sangeeta Singh — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Emergency obstetric hysterectomy (EOH) is a life-saving surgical procedure undertaken when catastrophic obstetric hemorrhage fails to respond to conservative management. Despite improvements in obstetric care, EOH continues to be necessary in many low-resource settings due to high-risk pregnancies, delayed referrals, and rising incidence of placenta accreta spectrum disorders.

Objective: To evaluate the fetomaternal outcomes of emergency obstetric hysterectomy in a tertiary care teaching hospital in eastern India and identify key indications, risk factors, and postoperative complications.

Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 11 months at DMCH, Darbhanga, including 125 women who underwent EOH for obstetric indications. Maternal demographic characteristics, obstetric history, indications for hysterectomy, intraoperative details, transfusion requirements, and postoperative complications were recorded. Fetal and maternal outcomes were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with p <0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: The most common indications for EOH were atonic postpartum hemorrhage (35.2%), placenta accreta spectrum (28.8%), uterine rupture (22.4%), and morbid adherent placenta (13.6%). Total hysterectomy was performed in 82.4% of cases. Massive transfusion (>4 units PRBC) was required in 40.8%. Major maternal complications included fever (24.8%), wound infection (18.4%), postoperative shock (14.4%), and DIC (6.4%). Maternal mortality was 7.2%, primarily due to hemorrhagic shock and multiorgan dysfunction. Perinatal mortality was 22.4% and was significantly associated with uterine rupture and severe placental pathology.

Conclusion: EOH remains crucial for the prevention of maternal mortality in severe obstetric emergencies. Timely referral, early recognition of high-risk conditions, and rapid multidisciplinary management are essential for improving fetomaternal outcomes in resource-limited tertiary care settings.

Keywords: EOH, DIC, PRBC

Analysis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Hospital: An Observational Study

Harshita, Sugandhita, Puja Mahaseth — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: One of the most prevalent metabolic problems of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is linked to serious morbidity in both the mother and the fetus. Obesity, genetic susceptibility, aging mothers, and shifting lifestyles are all factors contributing to the rising incidence of GDM in emerging nations like India. To avoid unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, early detection and effective care are essential.

Objectives: To examine the clinical characteristics, risk factors, outcomes for mothers, and outcomes for newborns among women with gestational diabetes mellitus who visit a tertiary care facility.

Methods: Over the course of eleven months, this observational study was carried out at Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Darbhanga. The study comprised 130 pregnant women with a diagnosis of GDM. Standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) criteria were used to diagnose GDM. Pregnancy outcomes, laboratory tests, clinical factors, obstetric history, and comprehensive demographic information were documented. Maternal outcomes were evaluated, including the kind of delivery, hypertensive conditions, and the need for insulin therapy. Birth weight, macrosomia, hypoglycemia, NICU hospitalization, and prenatal problems were among the newborn outcomes that were examined. Appropriate descriptive and inferential techniques were used in the statistical analysis of the data.

Results: Most patients lived in urban or semi-urban settings and were older than 25. Identifiable risk factors, such as obesity, a family history of diabetes, and prior unfavorable obstetric outcomes, were present in a considerable percentage. The majority of instances were identified in the second trimester. For most patients, medical nutrition therapy was adequate; nevertheless, a small percentage needed insulin therapy. Patients with GDM had greater incidence of cesarean sections. Macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and NICU admission were among the more common newborn problems.

Conclusion: If not properly treated, gestational diabetes mellitus presents a serious risk to both the mother and the fetus. Negative outcomes for mothers and newborns can be considerably decreased with early screening, prompt diagnosis, and suitable care. It is crucial to improve prenatal screening procedures and patient education, particularly in environments with low resources.

Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus; Pregnancy; Maternal outcome; Neonatal outcome; Tertiary care hospital

Maternal and Perinatal Outcome of Eclampsia in a Tertiary Care Centre of Darbhanga

Shreeya Rani, Parul Atreja, Puja Mahaseth — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Eclampsia continues to be a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in underdeveloped countries, and a devastating obstetric emergency. The burden of eclampsia is disproportionately high in the Indian state of Bihar, where healthcare infrastructure frequently fails to fulfill the needs of a dense rural population.

Objectives: This study's main goal was to assess the clinical profile and sociodemographic traits of women who presented with eclampsia. In order to find weaknesses in the current healthcare delivery system, secondary goals included evaluating perinatal outcomes and examining the particular causes of maternal illness and mortality.

Methods: Over the course of a year, this prospective observational study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Darbhanga. 145 women having an eclampsia diagnosis were included in the study. Management used the Pritchard regimen in accordance with established institutional procedures. Analysis was done on clinical presentation, delivery method, and fetomaternal complications.

Results: Young primigravidae had the highest incidence (68.2%), with an astounding 86.2% of referrals being unbooked. The most common presentation (64.8%) was antepartum eclampsia. In 55.8% of instances, a cesarean section was necessary. Pulmonary edema (4.1%) and HELLP syndrome (9.6%) were the two main maternal consequences. The rate of maternal death was 4.1%. With a high incidence of low birth weight (58.6%) and a perinatal mortality rate of 35.5%, perinatal outcomes were compromised.

Conclusion: Mothers and newborns in the Darbhanga region continue to suffer greatly from eclampsia. The findings show that in order to shorten the time between seizure onset and tertiary care intervention, it is imperative to improve transit infrastructure and bolster antenatal surveillance at the local level.

Keywords: HELLP

Obstetric Outcome of the Malformed Uterus: Study of 155 Pregnancies

Pratibha Prakash, Shreeya Rani, Puja Mahaseth — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Congenital uterine malformations result from abnormal development of the Müllerian ducts and are associated with adverse reproductive and obstetric outcomes. Data from eastern India regarding obstetric outcomes in women with uterine malformations are limited.

Objectives: To study the types of congenital uterine malformations and evaluate their impact on obstetric and perinatal outcomes.

Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Darbhanga, over a period of 12 months. A total of 155 pregnancies with confirmed congenital uterine malformations were included. Diagnosis was established using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging where required. Data regarding demographic characteristics, obstetric history, antenatal complications, mode of delivery, and perinatal outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results: Septate uterus was the most common uterine anomaly (34.8%), followed by bicornuate uterus (27.1%). Miscarriage occurred in 13.5% of cases, and preterm delivery was observed in 20.6% of pregnancies. Malpresentation was present in 38.5% of cases. Cesarean section was performed in 67.2% of patients. Adverse perinatal outcomes included low birth weight in 35.2% and neonatal intensive care unit admission in 28.7% of live births. Septate and unicornuate uterus were associated with higher rates of adverse obstetric outcomes.

Conclusion: Congenital uterine malformations significantly influence obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Early diagnosis, vigilant antenatal monitoring, and individualized management in a tertiary care setting are essential to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with uterine anomalies.

Keywords: DMCH

Comparative Study of Pap smear and Colposcopic Findings in Patients Presenting with Vaginal Discharge Attending the Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Centre

Sugandhita, Vatsala, Puja Mahaseth — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Vaginal discharge is one of the most prevalent gynecological issues in outpatient settings. It can be associated with benign infections or malignant or premalignant cervical lesions. Early identification of cervical pathology is essential to preventing the development of invasive carcinoma in symptomatic women. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is a frequently used screening method, however colposcopy provides a magnified visual assessment of the cervical epithelium, allowing targeted scrutiny of troublesome areas.

Objectives: To assess how Pap smear cytology and colposcopic results relate to the detection of cervical epithelial abnormalities in women who have vaginal discharge.

Methods: This prospective comparison study was conducted at Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital's outpatient division of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology over an 11-month period. 110 women who reported vaginal discharge were included after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Following a Pap smear, each participant underwent a colposcopic examination. Conventional standards were used to document colposcopic impressions, and the Bethesda method was used to classify cytological results.

Results: Pap smears identified inflammatory changes and epithelial abnormalities in a subset of patients, while colposcopy identified additional concerning lesions not observed on cytology alone. There was a substantial correlation between abnormal Pap smear results and abnormal colposcopic findings, with colposcopy demonstrating a better ability to identify low-grade lesions.

Conclusion: Colposcopy improves Pap smear cytology in symptomatic women with vaginal discharge by improving the detection of cervical epithelial abnormalities. Combining both modalities enhances diagnostic precision and may reduce the number of premalignant lesions missed in routine clinical practice.

Keywords: Vaginal discharge, Pap smear, Colposcopy, Cervical cytology, Cervical lesions, Screening.

Effectiveness of Cervical Encerclage and its Perinatal Outcome - A Cohort Study

Vatsala Chaudhary, Harshita, Sangeeta Singh — Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: A major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality, cervical incompetence is a well-known cause of premature birth and second-trimester pregnancy loss. For women who are at high risk of cervical insufficiency, cervical cerclage is still one of the main interventional techniques used to prevent unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. However, there is ongoing discussion about the efficacy of cerclage and how it affects perinatal outcomes, especially in a variety of therapeutic contexts.

Objective: To assess how well cervical cerclage works for women with cervical incompetence in terms of extending pregnancy and enhancing perinatal outcomes.

Methods: This 12-month prospective cohort study was carried out at Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Darbhanga. A total of 120 pregnant women were included who had been diagnosed with cervical incompetence based on ultrasonographic evidence, clinical history, or both. Standard surgical methods were used to perform cervical cerclage on the participants. Pregnancy prolongation, mode of delivery, maternal features, and gestational age at cerclage placement, and perinatal outcomes, such as birth weight, gestational age at delivery, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and perinatal death, were all noted and examined.

Results: In most cases, cervical cerclage was linked to a notable extension of gestation. Better newborn survival rates and a greater percentage of women giving birth beyond 34 weeks of pregnancy. Extreme preterm birth was less common, and a significant percentage of newborns had good birth weights. Pregnancies with effective cerclage retention until late gestation had comparatively decreased rates of perinatal morbidity, including NICU hospitalization.

Conclusion: For women with cervical incompetence, cervical cerclage is a successful technique that prolongs gestation and improves neonatal outcomes. Optimizing maternal and newborn outcomes requires early diagnosis and prompt cerclage placement.

Keywords: Cervical incompetence; cervical cerclage; preterm birth; perinatal outcome; Pregnancy prolongation; Cohort study